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A protean intellect who attended Eton and Cambridge on scholarship, he was profoundly influenced by economist Alfred Marshall, philosopher G.E. Moore and mathematician Bertrand Russell, all of whom populated the Cambridge of that time.
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Keynes became part of the Bloomsbury group, the famous social circle that included the great novelist Virginia Woolf. Bloomsburyâs ethos was radical and Utopian. âAll Victorian notions of behavior, worldview, and culture were being thrown out the window,â wrote Wasik.
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Keynesâs own unconventional thinking pervaded his 1919 book, âThe Economic Consequences of the Peace.â A devastating critique of the Versailles Treaty, it warned the victorious Allies that they were squeezing Germany too hard and that the latter would face âthe menace of inflationism.â Unfortunately, Keynes turned out to be prescient, as the treaty and the Weimar hyperinflation paved the way for the Third Reich.
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The book, which became an international bestseller, gave Keynes ideas on how to make money. âBelieving that postwar inflation would hurt the values of the French franc,âŠthe German reichsmark and the Italian liraâŠ, Keynes shorted these currencies,â wrote Wasik. But his profits vaporized when the mark rallied in a temporary burst of optimism.
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He responded by plunging into commodities. Poring through thousands of pages of dusty documents at the Cambridge library, Wasik was astonished by how active Keynes was. âThere were thousands of commodities trades,â he told me.
But things all came crashing down in 1929.
âHe was on the wrong side of most of his trades when demand collapsed,â the book said. âThe macro view of trying to guess where the economy was moving and to link currency and commodity trades to those hunches, had failed in a big way.â
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Losing 80% of his net worth was a wake-up call. âHe learned that this stuff he called âanimal spiritsâ you couldnât predict,â said Wasik. So, he radically changed his investing style, focusing on equities. âIn the face of the worst sell-off in history, Keynes in effect became a contrarian,â the book said. He emphasized large dividend-paying companies with solid franchises, such as utilities and miners. He also bought small- and mid-cap stocks.
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He aimed to buy low and hold indefinitely. In 1938 he stressed the âcareful selection of a few investments ⊠having regard to their cheapness and potential intrinsic value over a period of years ahead.â Across the Atlantic, Benjamin Graham was developing a similar approach, which he and David Dodd expounded in their 1934 classic, âSecurity Analysis.â
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Keynes also was a revolutionary in money management. Before Keynes, institutional investing meant âyou bought and held bonds,â Wasik wrote. U.K. institutions had only 3% of their assets in stocks in 1920 and only 10% by 1937. Managing discretionary portfolios for Kingâs College and two British insurance companies, Keynes âbroke the moldâŠby investing the majority of his portfolios in stocks.â
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But he also believed in the concept of âopposed risksâ â holding offsetting asset classes like bonds, real estate, and gold. That anticipated the emphasis on diversification we find in modern portfolio theory.
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Keynes, however, was a stock picker at heart . The portfolio he managed for Kingâs College outshone the market throughout the 1930s, except for the crash of 1938, when he lost two-thirds of his fortune. But by the time he died in 1946, his estate was worth $36 million in 2013 dollars, Wasik wrote.
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Two academic studies found that Keynes was an outstanding money manager. One Kingâs College portfolio yielded annual returns of 16% from 1924-1946, trouncing the benchmark index, according to David Chambers and Justin Foo of Cambridge and Elroy Dimson of the London Business School.
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Still, âa high level of portfolio riskâ accompanied Keynesâs outsized returns â a standard deviation of 29%, a 1983 study found, more than double that of the market.âHe levered up like crazy,â Wasik explained. âHe got loans to buy shares.â
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Thatâs obviously one thing investors shouldnât imitate. But buying low, focusing on intrinsic value, diversifying, and investing in dividend-paying stocks are all sound lessons we can learn. And thereâs one more.
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âThe main takeaway is he had a plan,â Wasik told me. âIf you have a plan, stick to it; ignore the market noise. Most people canât do it.â
But Keynes could and did, which is why in investing, if not in economics, we are all Keynesians now.
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